Design Overview: What is Design?

As we came up with this module we debated on how to present engineering design.  The first attempt was a Miriam-Webster-esque definition-- Engineering Design is the method or process by which intentional improvement can be made.  It varies from simple tinkering because of its deliberate and methodical nature.  However this definition didn't seem to quite capture the reason design is such an interesting topic.  What we ended up realizing is that Engineering Design is a method to approaching and solving any problem that may come up. Need to get somewhere fast?  Cars were designed. Need to talk with someone across the world?  Phones were designed.  Need to save money for retirement?  Design a budget. Tired of eating the same thing every day?  Design a new meal.  Whatever the problem may be, design is the way to create the solution. 

Engineering Design

Engineering Design like we said before is a methodical way to solve problems.  We propose a design process based loosely on an award winning text written by BYU professors Dr. Carl D. Sorensen and Dr. Christopher A. Mattson, but due to the format of this module we attempt to condense the process into fewer steps requiring less explanation.  The process we arrived on is as follows:
  • Problem Definition
  • Solution Exploration
  • Prototyping and Testing
  • Solution Refinement
These steps represent the most concise, effective rendition of the design process that we could develop.  Following these steps will produce a problem solution (Design) that successfully addresses the problem defined.

For Educators

After deciding on the above rendition of the design process we then wanted to make it applicable to educators (to whom these modules are specifically targeted.)  After searching and discussing with several administrators we came across the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS).  NGSS MS-ETS1 is the standard having to do with Engineering Design.  We were pleased to find that the design process we came up with matched one to one with the standards described in NGSS MS-ETS1.  
  • MS-ETS1-1 Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible solutions. 
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  • MS-ETS1-2 Evaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.
 
  • MS-ETS1-3 Analyze data from tests to determine similarities and differences among several design solutions to identify the best characteristics of each that can be combined into a new solution to better meet the criteria for success.
 
  • MS-ETS1-4 Develop a model to generate data for iterative testing and modification of a proposed object, tool, or process such that an optimal design can be achieved.
On each page we will list the applicable NGSS as well as the disciplinary core ideas that are associated with it.  In the case studies we will also provide this information, so examples are clear and (hopefully) useful.